Grammar Logic: The second element "chumbi" (kissing/touching) is dominant, and the accusative marker "ko" (the sky) is elided.
तत्पुरुष समास
Tatpurush Samas (Determinative / Case Compound)
Second element (Uttara-pada) is dominant
परिभाषा एवं स्वरूप (Definition & Concept)
जिस समास में दूसरा पद (उत्तर पद) प्रधान होता है तथा दोनों पदों के बीच कर्ता और संबोधन को छोड़कर किसी अन्य कारक की विभक्ति (कारक चिह्न) का लोप होता है, उसे तत्पुरुष समास कहते हैं।
A compound where the second element is dominant and the relationship between the two elements is governed by an elided case-marker (vibhakti) from Accusative through Locative.
तत्पुरुष समास के प्रमुख उपभेद व नियम
1. कर्म तत्पुरुष (द्वितीया तत्पुरुष)
कर्म कारक के चिह्न "को" का लोपKarma Tatpurush (Accusative)
विग्रह करने पर दोनों पदों के बीच कर्म कारक का विभक्ति चिह्न "को" आता है।
2. करण तत्पुरुष (तृतीया तत्पुरुष)
करण कारक के चिह्न "से / के द्वारा" का लोपKarana Tatpurush (Instrumental)
विग्रह करने पर साधन या माध्यम का बोध कराने वाले चिह्न "से / के द्वारा" का प्रयोग होता है।
3. संप्रदान तत्पुरुष (चतुर्थी तत्पुरुष)
संप्रदान कारक के चिह्न "के लिए" का लोपSampradan Tatpurush (Dative)
विग्रह करने पर जिसके लिए क्रिया की जाती है, उस उद्देश्यसूचक चिह्न "के लिए" का प्रयोग होता है।
4. अपादान तत्पुरुष (पंचमी तत्पुरुष)
अपादान कारक के चिह्न "से (अलग होने के अर्थ में)" का लोपApadan Tatpurush (Ablative)
विग्रह करने पर अलगाव, दूरी, भय या तुलना का बोध कराने वाले चिह्न "से" का प्रयोग होता है।
5. संबंध तत्पुरुष (षष्ठी तत्पुरुष)
संबंध कारक के चिह्न "का, के, की" का लोपSambandh Tatpurush (Genitive)
विग्रह करने पर दोनों पदों के बीच स्वामित्व या संबंधसूचक चिह्न "का / के / की" का प्रयोग होता है।
6. अधिकरण तत्पुरुष (सप्तमी तत्पुरुष)
अधिकरण कारक के चिह्न "में, पर" का लोपAdhikaran Tatpurush (Locative)
विग्रह करने पर स्थान या आधारसूचक कारक चिह्न "में / पर" का प्रयोग होता है।
7. नञ् तत्पुरुष समास
पूर्व पद में नकारात्मक उपसर्ग "अ / अन / न" का प्रयोगNanj Tatpurush (Negative Determinative)
जिस समास के पूर्व पद में निषेध या अभाव का बोध कराने वाला "अ" या "अन" उपसर्ग लगा हो।
पहचान की अचूक ट्रिक (Instant Shortcut Method)
समस्त पद का विग्रह करें। यदि विग्रह करने पर बीच में कोई कारक विभक्ति (को, से, के लिए, से अलग, का/के/की, में, पर) आती है, तो वह निश्चित रूप से तत्पुरुष समास है।
Perform vigrah (expansion). If a case postposition (ko, se, ke liye, kaa/ke/kee, mein, par) appears connecting the two words, it is definitely Tatpurusha.
सामान्य भ्रम एवं सावधानियाँ (Common Pitfalls & Exam Traps)
- करण और अपादान दोनों में "से" आता है; याद रखें करण का "से" साधन या माध्यम बताता है (जैसे रेखा से अंकित = रेखांकित), जबकि अपादान का "से" अलगाव या मुक्ति बताता है (जैसे भय से मुक्त = भयमुक्त)।
- कर्म तत्पुरुष और कर्मधारय में भ्रमित होना; कर्म तत्पुरुष में "को" विभक्ति का लोप होता है, कर्मधारय में विशेषण-विशेष्य का संबंध होता है।
परीक्षा विशेष टिप्स (Board & Competitive Exam Notes)
तत्पुरुष समास हिंदी व्याकरण का सबसे बड़ा समास वर्ग है। बोर्ड और प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में कारक-विभक्ति आधारित उपभेद (विशेषकर संबंध, संप्रदान व अपादान) सीधे पूछे जाते हैं।
तत्पुरुष समास के प्रमुख सामासिक पद व विग्रह (106)
Grammar Logic: The noun "chor" (stealer) is the head element, and the accusative postposition "ko" (butter) is elided.
चिड़ीमार
Chidimar (Chidiyon ko maarne wala)
Grammar Logic: The suffixal head "maar" (catcher/hunter) is dominant, with the elision of the accusative marker "ko".
Grammar Logic: The agent "katra" (picker/slasher) is primary, with elision of the accusative relation "ko" (pocket).
Grammar Logic: The head noun "chalak" (driver) governs the compound, eliding the accusative marker "ko" (chariot).
Grammar Logic: The participle "praapt" (obtained) is head, eliding the accusative case-marker "ko" (fame).
सर्वज्ञ
Sarvajna (Sarv ko janne wala)
Grammar Logic: The root "-jna" (knower) is dominant, representing one who knows all (accusative elision).
Grammar Logic: The verbal adjective "praapt" (attained) is primary, eliding the accusative marker "ko" (heaven).
Grammar Logic: The participle "krit" (composed) is dominant, with elision of the instrumental agentive marker "dwara" (by Tulsi).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "aakul" (distressed) is head, eliding the instrumental cause marker "se" (by grief).
Grammar Logic: The head word "andh" (blind) is modified by cause, eliding the instrumental marker "se" (blinded by pride/power).
हस्तलिखित
Hastlikhit (Hast dwara likhit)
Grammar Logic: The participle "likhit" (written) is dominant, eliding the instrumental tool marker "dwara" (by hand).
Grammar Logic: The head word "ankit" (marked) is joined by eliding the instrumental marker "dwara" (by line / underlined).
Grammar Logic: The noun "yuddh" (war/battle) is primary, with instrumental marker "se" (by words/debate) elided.
ईश्वरदत्त
Ishwardatt (Ishwar dwara datt)
Grammar Logic: The head word "datt" (gifted/given) is joined with God via the instrumental agentive marker "dwara".
दयार्द्र
Dayardra (Daya se aardra)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "aardra" (moist/melted) is modified by compassion via instrumental "se" (melted with pity).
Grammar Logic: The participle "grast" (afflicted) is dominant, eliding the instrumental causal marker "se" (afflicted by disease).
Grammar Logic: The second element "ghar" (room/house) is dominant, and the dative marker "ke liye" (for cooking) is elided.
Grammar Logic: The second noun "bhakti" (devotion) is primary, with the dative postposition "ke liye" (for country) joining them.
Grammar Logic: The head noun "kadi" (shackle/link) is joined to hand via the dative purpose marker "ke liye" (handcuff).
मार्गव्यय
Margvyay (Marg ke liye vyay)
Grammar Logic: The noun "vyay" (expense) is the head element, eliding the dative purpose marker "ke liye" (travel expenses).
गौशाला
Gaushala (Gauon ke liye shala)
Grammar Logic: The head noun "shala" (shelter/abode) is primary, with elision of the dative purpose marker "ke liye" (cowshed).
Grammar Logic: The noun "bhumi" (ground) is dominant, eliding the dative purpose relation "ke liye" (battlefield).
Grammar Logic: The noun "shala" (pavilion/hall) is head, eliding the dative case-marker "ke liye" (sacrificial altar).
परीक्षाभवन
Parikshabhavan (Pariksha ke liye bhavan)
Grammar Logic: The noun "bhavan" (hall/building) is primary, eliding the dative marker "ke liye" (examination hall).
Grammar Logic: The head word "mukt" (free/released) elides the ablative marker "se" signifying liberation from debt.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "heen" (destitute/devoid) is dominant, eliding the ablative separation marker "se" (without money).
Grammar Logic: The participle "bhrasht" (deviated/fallen) is head, eliding the ablative marker "se" (deviated from the right path).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "heen" (deprived of) is primary, with elision of the ablative marker "se" (visually impaired / blind).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "bheet" (frightened) governs the compound, eliding the ablative cause marker "se" (terrified of fear).
Grammar Logic: The verbal head "nikaala" (exiled/expelled) elides the ablative detachment marker "se" (banished from country).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "heen" (devoid of) is dominant, eliding the ablative marker "se" (lacking good qualities).
Grammar Logic: The participle "chyut" (dismissed/detached) is head, eliding the ablative detachment marker "se" (removed from office).
Grammar Logic: The second element "putra" (son) is the grammatical head, and the genitive case postposition "kaa" (of) is elided.
Grammar Logic: The head noun "pati" (commander/master) is joined with army eliding the genitive marker "kaa" (of army).
Grammar Logic: The noun "abhyas" (practice/study) is head, eliding the genitive marker "kaa" (study of knowledge).
Grammar Logic: The noun "jal" (water) is dominant, eliding the genitive possessive postposition "kaa" (water of the Ganga).
राष्ट्रपति
Rashtrapati (Rashtra ka pati)
Grammar Logic: The noun "pati" (constitutional head) is primary, eliding the genitive postposition "kaa" (head of state/nation).
Grammar Logic: The head noun "daud" (race) elides the genitive postposition "ki" (race of horses).
Grammar Logic: The head word "adheen" (subjugated/dependent) elides the genitive marker "ke" (dependent upon others).
Grammar Logic: The noun "aalay" (abode/temple) is head, eliding the genitive marker "kaa" (abode of the deity).
Grammar Logic: The postpositional head "anusar" (according to) elides the genitive connector "ke" (as per command/order).
Grammar Logic: The noun "tantra" (system/governance) is head, eliding the genitive marker "kaa" (system of the people / democracy).
Grammar Logic: The head word "beeti" (transpired/happened) elides the locative postposition "par" (transpired upon oneself).
पुरुषोत्तम
Purushottam (Purushon mein uttam)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "uttam" (supreme) is head, eliding the locative comparative marker "mein" (supreme among men).
Grammar Logic: The participle "magna" (absorbed/immersed) is primary, eliding the locative postposition "mein" (immersed in meditation).
Grammar Logic: The noun "vaas" (residence/dwelling) is head, eliding the locative space marker "mein" (dwelling in the forest).
Grammar Logic: The head word "sawar" (rider) is joined to horse via the locative postposition "par" (rider mounted upon a horse).
Grammar Logic: The honorific adjective "var" (noblest/best) is head, eliding the locative marker "mein" (noblest among poets).
रणकौशल
Rankaushal (Ran mein kaushal)
Grammar Logic: The head noun "kaushal" (prowess/skill) elides the locative sphere marker "mein" (skill in battlefield).
Grammar Logic: The head adjective "uttam" (supreme) elides the locative comparative marker "mein" (best among humans).
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "a-" negates the head noun "gyan" (knowledge), signifying absence of knowledge or ignorance.
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "an-" precedes "honi" (happening), signifying an untoward or unthinkable occurrence.
अधर्म
Adharm (Na dharm / Dharm ka abhav)
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "a-" negates "dharm" (righteousness/duty), representing unrighteousness or immorality.
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "a-" negates "nyay" (justice), indicating injustice or unfairness.
अनदेखा
Andekha (Na dekha hua)
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "an-" modifies "dekha" (seen), indicating something unseen or deliberately ignored.
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "a-" is affixed to "mar" (mortal), denoting immortality or one who does not die.
अशोचनीय
Ashochaneeya (Na sochne yogya)
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "a-" negates "shochaneeya" (lamentable), meaning not worthy of lamentation or grief.
Grammar Logic: The second element "har" (stealing/captivating) is dominant, and the accusative marker "ko" (the mind) is elided.
Grammar Logic: The term "aagat" (come/arrived) is the head, eliding the accusative marker "ko" (to refuge).
चित्तचोर
Chittachor (Chitta ko churane wala)
Grammar Logic: The word "chor" (stealer) is head, with the accusative preposition "ko" (the heart/mind) elided.
Grammar Logic: The second component "gat" (gone) is head, eliding the destination marker "ko" (to the village).
आशातीत
Ashateet (Asha ko ateet/pare)
Grammar Logic: The second term "ateet" (surpassed) dominates, eliding the accusative relation with "asha" (expectation).
गिरहकट
Girahkat (Girah ko kaatne wala)
Grammar Logic: The head component "kat" (cutter/picker) elides the accusative postposition "ko" (pocket/knot).
कष्टसाध्य
Kashtasadhya (Kasht ko saadhya)
Grammar Logic: The element "sadhya" (achievable) is primary, with the accusative marker over "kashta" (difficulty) elided.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "priya" (dear) is head, eliding the accusative marker "ko" (dear to all).
Grammar Logic: The word "maana" (conceived) is head, and the instrumental marker "se" (by the mind/arbitrarily) is elided.
Grammar Logic: The head "rachit" (composed) elides the instrumental agent marker "dwara" (composed by Surdas).
Grammar Logic: The term "aakrant" (overcome) is dominant, eliding the instrumental postposition "se" (by fear).
Grammar Logic: The second term "mata" (intoxicated) is dominant, and the instrumental marker "se" (by pride) is elided.
Grammar Logic: The head "abhisheka" (anointment) elides the instrumental instrument "se" (anointment with water).
Grammar Logic: The word "aatur" (eager/overcome) is head, eliding the instrumental marker "se" (with love).
Grammar Logic: The participle "jadit" (studded) dominates, with the instrumental relation "se" (with gems) elided.
Grammar Logic: The word "yukta" (endowed) is dominant, eliding the instrumental marker "se" (endowed with virtues).
गुरुदक्षिणा
Gurudakshina (Guru ke liye dakshina)
Grammar Logic: The head "dakshina" (honorarium) elides the dative marker "ke liye" (offering for the guru).
Grammar Logic: The head "gadi" (train/carriage) elides the dative postposition "ke liye" (for postal mail).
Grammar Logic: The element "aagrah" (insistence) is head, eliding the dative postposition "ke liye" (for truth).
विश्रामगृह
Vishramagriha (Vishram ke liye griha)
Grammar Logic: The head noun "griha" (house) elides the purpose-marking dative "ke liye" (for resting).
Grammar Logic: The term "bhavan" (hall/building) is head, eliding the dative relation "ke liye" (for meetings).
Grammar Logic: The head noun "ghar" (room/house) elides the purpose postposition "ke liye" (for bathing).
Grammar Logic: The head "bhoomi" (ground) elides the dative marker "ke liye" (ground intended for battle).
Grammar Logic: The head "sadan" (home/abode) elides the dative marker "ke liye" (home designated for children).
Grammar Logic: The word "mukta" (freed) dominates, eliding the ablative preposition "se" (freed from sins).
जातिभ्रष्ट
Jaatibhrasht (Jaati se bhrasht)
Grammar Logic: The head "bhrasht" (fallen/expelled) elides the ablative marker "se" (expelled from one's clan).
Grammar Logic: The head "mukta" (released) elides the ablative separation marker "se" (freed from bondage).
Grammar Logic: The element "mukta" (discharged) is head, eliding the ablative postposition "se" (freed from active service).
कर्तव्यच्युत
Kartavyachyut (Kartavya se chyut)
Grammar Logic: The head "chyut" (deviated/fallen) elides the ablative separator "se" (deviated from duty).
Grammar Logic: The head adjective "heen" (devoid of) elides the ablative marker "se" (deprived of strength).
Grammar Logic: The word "andha" (blind) is head, eliding the causal/instrumental marker "se" (blind by birth).
Grammar Logic: The head "vimukh" (averse/turned away) elides the ablative marker "se" (turned away from righteousness).
Grammar Logic: The head noun "darbar" (court) elides the genitive postposition "ka" (court of the king).
Grammar Logic: The head "raksha" (defence) elides the genitive connector "ki" (protection of the nation).
Grammar Logic: The noun "sagar" (ocean) is head, eliding the genitive preposition "ka" (ocean of learning).
Grammar Logic: The noun "udaya" (rise) is head, eliding the genitive relation "ka" (rising of the sun).
Grammar Logic: The head "dhara" (stream) elides the genitive connector "ki" (current of water).
Grammar Logic: The head noun "pooja" (worship) elides the genitive postposition "ki" (worship of the deity).
Grammar Logic: The element "kumar" (prince/son) is dominant, eliding the genitive marker "ka" (king's son).
Grammar Logic: The head adjective "dheer" (steadfast) elides the locative marker "mein" (steadfast in battle).
शास्त्रनिपुण
Shastranipuna (Shastra mein nipun)
Grammar Logic: The head "nipun" (proficient) elides the locative postposition "mein" (adept in scriptures).
Grammar Logic: The word "praveen" (skilled) dominates, eliding the locative preposition "mein" (expert in arts).
Grammar Logic: The head participle "magna" (immersed) elides the locative marker "mein" (submerged in water).
Grammar Logic: The head "veer" (heroic) elides the locative marker "mein" (heroic/champion in charity).
Grammar Logic: The head "kushal" (efficient) elides the locative relation "mein" (skilful in work).
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "an-" negates "ichchha" (desire), denoting absence of will or reluctance.
Grammar Logic: The prefix "an-" negates "aadar" (respect), indicating disrespect or disregard.
Grammar Logic: The negative prefix "a-" denotes an untimely occurrence or famine/drought.