Grammar Logic: The first word "neel" (blue) is an adjective describing the attribute of the head noun "kamal" (lotus).
कर्मधारय समास
Karmadharaya Samas (Descriptive / Appositional Compound)
Second element dominant with Adjective-Noun or Simile-Metaphor apposition
परिभाषा एवं स्वरूप (Definition & Concept)
जिस समास में उत्तर पद प्रधान होता है तथा पूर्व पद व उत्तर पद में "विशेषण-विशेष्य" (गुण और गुणी) अथवा "उपमान-उपमेय" (तुलना) का संबंध होता है, उसे कर्मधारय समास कहते हैं।
A compound in which the second element is the head, and the relation between the elements is either that of an adjective to a noun, or an object to a standard of comparison.
कर्मधारय समास के प्रमुख उपभेद व नियम
1. विशेषण-विशेष्य कर्मधारय
विग्रह में "जो / है जो" का प्रयोगAdjective-Noun Karmadharaya
पहला पद दूसरे पद की विशेषता (रंग, आकार, गुण आदि) बताता है।
2. उपमान-उपमेय कर्मधारय (सादृश्य / रूपक)
विग्रह में "के समान / रूपी" का प्रयोगMetaphorical / Simile Karmadharaya
एक पद की तुलना दूसरे प्रसिद्ध पदार्थ से की जाती है अथवा दोनों में अभेद रूपक होता है।
पहचान की अचूक ट्रिक (Instant Shortcut Method)
विग्रह करते समय दोनों पदों के बीच "है जो", "के समान" अथवा "रूपी" शब्द आते हैं। उत्तर पद से "कैसा / कैसी?" प्रश्न पूछने पर पूर्व पद उसका उत्तर देता है (जैसे- कमल कैसा है? नीला = नीलकमल)।
Ask "What kind of?" to the second word; the first word provides the answer. During expansion, connectives like "hai jo" (which is), "ke saman" (like), or "roopi" (embodied as) naturally emerge.
सामान्य भ्रम एवं सावधानियाँ (Common Pitfalls & Exam Traps)
- कर्मधारय और बहुव्रीहि में भ्रम: जैसे "पीतांबर" का विग्रह यदि "पीला है जो वस्त्र" किया जाए तो कर्मधारय होगा, लेकिन यदि "पीले हैं वस्त्र जिसके अर्थात श्रीकृष्ण" किया जाए तो बहुव्रीहि होगा। परीक्षा में विग्रह के अनुसार उत्तर दें।
- कर्मधारय और तत्पुरुष में भ्रम: तत्पुरुष में कारक विभक्ति (का, के लिए आदि) होती है, जबकि कर्मधारय में विशेषण-विशेष्य या तुलना होती है।
परीक्षा विशेष टिप्स (Board & Competitive Exam Notes)
"चरणकमल", "नीलकमल", "महात्मा" और "मुखचंद्र" बोर्ड परीक्षाओं के सबसे प्रिय प्रश्न हैं। विग्रह की शैली ही निर्धारित करती है कि समास कर्मधारय है या बहुव्रीहि।
कर्मधारय समास के प्रमुख सामासिक पद व विग्रह (99)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "maha" (great) modifies the head noun "aatma" (soul), signifying a noble or exalted soul.
पीतांबर
Peetambar (Peela hai jo ambar)
Grammar Logic: The word "peet" (yellow) describes the noun "ambar" (garment); when referring directly to yellow clothing, it is Karmadharaya.
श्वेतांबर
Shwetambar (Shwet hai jo ambar)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "shwet" (white) qualifies the noun "ambar" (cloth), denoting a white attire.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "neel" (blue) describes the expanse of the head noun "gagan" (sky).
Grammar Logic: The word "neel" (blue/slate-colored) qualifies the wild bovine noun "gaay", forming a descriptive compound.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "maha" (great/exalted) qualifies the noun "purush" (man/person), denoting a great soul.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "maha" (great) describes the noun "dev" (god/deity); when taken as "the great god", it is Karmadharaya.
Grammar Logic: The modifier "maha" (great) describes "rishi" (sage), referring to a venerable sage.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "maha" (great) modifies the title "raja" (king), denoting a sovereign emperor.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "param" (supreme/absolute) qualifies the noun "anand" (bliss), denoting supreme bliss.
Grammar Logic: The modifier "param" (ultimate/supreme) qualifies "ishwar" (lord/god), meaning the supreme ruler.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "sat" (good/virtuous) describes the noun "jan" (person), forming "virtuous person".
Grammar Logic: The qualifying prefix "dur-" (vile/wicked) modifies the noun "jan" (individual), signifying a wicked person.
सन्मार्ग
Sanmarg (Sat hai jo marg)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "sat" (noble/righteous) modifies the noun "marg" (path), denoting the righteous path.
Grammar Logic: The descriptive prefix "ku-" (bad/evil) qualifies the noun "marg" (path), denoting an evil or corrupt path.
सुपुत्र
Suputra (Accha hai jo putra)
Grammar Logic: The prefix "su-" acts as an adjective (virtuous/worthy) modifying "putra" (son).
Grammar Logic: The prefix "ku-" functions as an adjective (unworthy/wicked) qualifying the noun "putra" (son).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "sat" (true/pure) describes the noun "dharm" (duty/righteousness).
Grammar Logic: The temporal adjective "nav" (young/fresh) modifies the noun "yuvak" (youth), denoting a young man.
कापुरुष
Kapurush (Kayar hai jo purush)
Grammar Logic: The prefix "ka-" serves as an adjective (cowardly/despicable) modifying the noun "purush" (man).
Grammar Logic: The modifier "adh" (half) describes the state of "mara" (beaten/dying), meaning half-dead.
Grammar Logic: The color adjective "laal" (red) qualifies the head noun "mani" (gem/ruby).
अंधविश्वास
Andhvishwas (Andha hai jo vishwas)
Grammar Logic: The figurative adjective "andha" (blind/unreasoned) qualifies the noun "vishwas" (faith/belief), denoting superstition.
मंदबुद्धि
Mandbuddhi (Mand hai jo buddhi)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "mand" (slow/dull) modifies the noun "buddhi" (intellect), signifying a dull or sluggish intellect.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "deergh" (long) qualifies the head noun "aayu" (life-span), denoting long life.
Grammar Logic: The quantitative adjective "alp" (short/brief) modifies "aayu" (lifespan), signifying a short life.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "shubh" (auspicious) qualifies the verbal noun "aagaman" (arrival), signifying an auspicious arrival.
Grammar Logic: The color adjective "kaali" (black) qualifies the spice noun "mirch" (pepper), forming black pepper.
भलामानस
Bhalamanas (Bhala hai jo manas)
Grammar Logic: The qualitative adjective "bhala" (good-natured/noble) qualifies "manas" (human/person).
Grammar Logic: The feet (charan) are compared to the soft beauty of a lotus (kamal), forming an appositional simile.
चंद्रमुख
Chandramukh (Chandrama ke saman mukh)
Grammar Logic: The face (mukh) is compared to the radiant moon (chandrama), creating a poetic simile of beauty.
Grammar Logic: The face is directly identified as the moon itself in metaphoric unity, using the connective "roopi".
Grammar Logic: Knowledge (vidya) is metaphorically equated to the greatest wealth (dhan), representing metaphoric karmadharaya.
Grammar Logic: Anger (krodh) is metaphorically embodied as consuming fire (agni), destroying serenity.
Grammar Logic: The hands (kar) are compared to the gentle softness of a lotus blossom (kamal).
कमलनयन
Kamalnayan (Kamal ke saman nayan)
Grammar Logic: The eyes (nayan) are compared to lotus petals (kamal); as an appositional simile, it is Karmadharaya.
Grammar Logic: The eyes are compared to the innocent, swift beauty of a deer (mrig), forming a classic simile compound.
Grammar Logic: The slender creeper (lata) is likened in golden radiance to pure gold (kanak).
लौहपुरुष
Lauhpurush (Lohe ke saman dridh purush)
Grammar Logic: The resolute man (purush) is compared to iron (lauh) for unyielding resolve and determination.
Grammar Logic: The human hero (nar) is compared to the valor and fearlessness of a lion (simha).
Grammar Logic: The slender body (deh) is metaphorically envisioned as a delicate creeper (lata).
प्राणप्रिय
Praanpriya (Praanon ke saman priya)
Grammar Logic: The beloved one (priya) is cherished as deeply and essentially as life-breath itself (praan).
Grammar Logic: Spoken words (vachan) are metaphorically identified as sweet, life-giving nectar (amrit).
Grammar Logic: Knowledge (gyan) is metaphorically realized as a radiant lamp (deep), dispelling darkness.
Grammar Logic: Grief (shok) is metaphorically identified with fire (agni) that burns the heart within.
Grammar Logic: Worldly existence (bhav) is conceived metaphorically as a vast, perilous ocean (sagar).
भुजदंड
Bhujdand (Dand ke saman bhuja)
Grammar Logic: The arms (bhuja) are compared to stout rods or staffs (dand), indicating strength.
कुसुमकोमल
Kusumkomal (Kusum ke saman komal)
Grammar Logic: The quality of delicate tenderness (komal) is compared to that of a fresh blossom (kusum).
घनश्याम
Ghanshyam (Ghan ke saman shyam)
Grammar Logic: The complexion (shyam) is compared directly to rain clouds (ghan); as an appositional simile of color, it is Karmadharaya.
वज्रदेह
Vajradeh (Vajra ke saman kathor deh)
Grammar Logic: The body (deh) is compared to the invulnerability of a thunderbolt/diamond (vajra).
पाषाणहृदय
Pashanhriday (Pashan ke saman kathor hriday)
Grammar Logic: The heart (hriday) is compared to stone (pashan) denoting utter lack of sympathy or emotion.
मीनाक्षी
Meenakshi (Meen ke saman akshiyon wali)
Grammar Logic: The eyes are compared to the shape and grace of a fish (meen), forming an appositional simile.
Grammar Logic: The first word "laal" (red) is a qualitative adjective describing the noun "mirch" (pepper/chilli).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "neel" (blue) qualifies the noun "utpal" (lotus).
Grammar Logic: The modifier "maha" (great) describes the head noun "jan" (person).
Grammar Logic: The prefix "maha" (great) qualifies the noun "rani" (queen).
सुदर्शन
Sudarshan (Sundar hai jo darshan)
Grammar Logic: The prefix "su-" (beautiful/auspicious) serves as an adjective to "darshan" (sight/appearance).
कुमति
Kumati (Kutsit hai jo mati)
Grammar Logic: The pejorative prefix "ku-" (evil/perverse) qualifies the noun "mati" (intellect).
Grammar Logic: The auspicious prefix "su-" (good/virtuous) functions as an adjective to "mati" (intellect).
Grammar Logic: The modifier "adh" (half) describes the state of the participle "paka" (cooked/ripe).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "bad" (foul) qualifies the noun "boo" (odour/smell).
Grammar Logic: The prefix "khush" (pleasant/sweet) describes the noun "boo" (fragrance).
Grammar Logic: The word "nava" (new) is an adjective qualifying "jeevan" (life).
श्वेताश्व
Shwetashwa (Shweta hai jo ashwa)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "shweta" (white) qualifies the noun "ashwa" (horse).
कृष्णसर्प
Krishnasarpa (Krishna hai jo sarpa)
Grammar Logic: The color adjective "krishna" (black) modifies the noun "sarpa" (serpent).
पीतवस्त्र
Peetavastra (Peet hai jo vastra)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "peet" (yellow) describes the clothing noun "vastra" (attire).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "rakta" (red/crimson) modifies the noun "kamal" (lotus).
Grammar Logic: The prefix "maha" (grand/great) acts as an adjective to the literary noun "kavya" (epic poem).
Grammar Logic: The prefix "maha" (vast/great) qualifies the water body "sagar" (ocean).
Grammar Logic: The term "maha" (supreme) qualifies the act of charity "daan" (gift/donation).
Grammar Logic: The superlative adjective "param" (ultimate/supreme) modifies the noun "sukh" (bliss/joy).
Grammar Logic: The pejorative prefix "dush-" (wicked/evil) qualifies the noun "karma" (action/deed).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "sat" (good/virtuous) describes the noun "karma" (action).
कुरीति
Kureeti (Kutsit hai jo reeti)
Grammar Logic: The pejorative prefix "ku-" (malicious) describes the custom "reeti" (practice/tradition).
Grammar Logic: The prefix "su-" (beneficent) modifies the noun "reeti" (custom/etiquette).
सदुपदेश
Sadupadesha (Sat hai jo upadesha)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "sat" (wholesome/good) modifies the teaching noun "upadesha" (counsel/sermon).
Grammar Logic: The modifier "dur-" (wicked) qualifies the noun "aatma" (soul/spirit).
Grammar Logic: The pure adjective "shuddha" (clean/untainted) describes the noun "aatma" (soul).
एकाग्रचित्त
Ekagrachitta (Ekagra hai jo chitta)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "ekagra" (concentrated/focused) qualifies the consciousness noun "chitta" (mind).
प्रियप्रवास
Priyapravasa (Priya hai jo pravasa)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "priya" (beloved) modifies the travel/stay noun "pravasa" (journey/sojourn).
Grammar Logic: The color modifier "neel" (blue) describes the mountain peak "shikhara".
राजीवलोचन
Rajivalochana (Rajiv ke saman lochana)
Grammar Logic: The first word "rajiv" (lotus) is the standard of comparison for the eyes "lochan" (eyes).
मुखारविंद
Mukharavinda (Arvind ke saman mukh)
Grammar Logic: The lotus "aravind" serves as the poetic ideal comparing the beauty of the countenance "mukh".
Grammar Logic: The gemstone "ratna" serves metaphorically to describe the priceless literary work "grantha".
गुरुदेव
Gurudeva (Dev roopi guru)
Grammar Logic: The teacher "guru" is equated reverently to the divine "deva" through a metaphorical compound.
Grammar Logic: Knowledge "vidya" is likened metaphorically to a precious gemstone "ratna".
Grammar Logic: Fame/reputation "kirti" is metaphorically visualised as a sprawling, blooming vine "lata".
Grammar Logic: Sanctified water of holy feet is metaphorically revered as life-giving nectar "amrita".
पदपंकज
Padapankaja (Pankaja ke saman pada)
Grammar Logic: The lotus "pankaja" is the benchmark of delicate beauty comparing the feet "pada".
Grammar Logic: The lips "adhara" are metaphorically celebrated as sweet celestial nectar "amrita".
विद्यासुधा
Vidyasudha (Sudha roopi vidya)
Grammar Logic: Learning "vidya" is metaphorically identified as heavenly ambrosia "sudha".
कायाकल्प
Kayakalpa (Kalpa ke saman kaya)
Grammar Logic: The rejuvenation of the body "kaya" is likened to a miraculous transformative renewal "kalpa".
दंतपंक्ति
Dantapankti (Pankti roopi danta)
Grammar Logic: The immaculate row "pankti" serves metaphorically to describe radiant teeth.
Grammar Logic: The mundane world "samsar" is metaphorically equated to a vast ocean "sagar".
Grammar Logic: Human hope "asha" is personified as a blossoming creeping creeper/vine "lata".
चंद्रबदन
Chandrabadan (Chandrama ke saman badan)
Grammar Logic: The radiance of the face "badan" is directly likened to the soothing moon "chandra".
कुसुम-हृदय
Kusuma-hridaya (Kusum ke saman hridaya)
Grammar Logic: The tender softness of the heart "hridaya" is compared to a blossom flower "kusum".
चंद्रबिंब
Chandrabimba (Chandrama roopi bimba)
Grammar Logic: The lunar disc is metaphorically represented as the reflection/orb "bimba".