Comprehensive guide to 6 primary Hindi compound classifications, vigrah breakdowns, grammatical logic, and authentic textbook examples.
प्रत्येक समास के लक्षण, पद प्रधानता, उपभेद, पहचान की ट्रिक और सामान्य भ्रम से बचाव के नियम।
A compound in which the first element is an indeclinable word (avyaya) or prefix that functions as the head of the compound, turning the entire compound into an adverbial expression.
Identification Trick: Look for common adverbial prefixes at the start: yatha-, prati-, aa-, anu-, bhar-, be-, har-; or exact word reduplication like raton-raat, kanon-kaan. The compound remains invariant in gender and number.
A compound where the second element is dominant and the relationship between the two elements is governed by an elided case-marker (vibhakti) from Accusative through Locative.
Identification Trick: Perform vigrah (expansion). If a case postposition (ko, se, ke liye, kaa/ke/kee, mein, par) appears connecting the two words, it is definitely Tatpurusha.
A compound in which the second element is the head, and the relation between the elements is either that of an adjective to a noun, or an object to a standard of comparison.
Identification Trick: Ask "What kind of?" to the second word; the first word provides the answer. During expansion, connectives like "hai jo" (which is), "ke saman" (like), or "roopi" (embodied as) naturally emerge.
A compound where the first element is a numeral adjective and the entire compound denotes a collection, group, or aggregate (samahar) of items.
Identification Trick: The first word is unequivocally a numeral (dvi, tri, chatur/chau, pancha, sapta, ashta, nava, shat, etc.) and the expansion always concludes with "kaa samooh" or "kaa samahar" (a collection of).
A coordinative compound in which both constituent words have equal grammatical weight and importance, connected in expansion by conjunctive particles such as "and" (aur) or "or" (yaa).
Identification Trick: The compound often contains a hyphen (-) between two complementary or antonymous words of equal rank. During expansion, conjunctions like "aur" (and), "yaa" (or), or "aadi" (etc.) appear.
An exocentric compound in which neither constituent element is head; instead, the entire compound functions as an attributive epithet denoting a third external entity.
Identification Trick: The word is almost invariably an epithet or conventional title for a deity, mythological figure, or unique entity. Vigrah always specifies "arthaat..." (meaning/referring to [third person]).
Authentic compound words and vigrah for Class 8-12 boards, CTET, REET, DSSSB and state exams.
A compound in which the first element is an indeclinable word (avyaya) or prefix that functions as the head of the compound, turning the entire compound into an adverbial expression.
Grammar Logic: The first word "yatha" is an indeclinable prefix (meaning according to), transforming the entire compound into an adverb of manner.
Grammar Logic: The indeclinable prefix "yatha" pairs with "samay" (time) to denote action performed in due course or on time.
Grammar Logic: The prefix "yatha" modifies "mati" (intellect), meaning according to one's judgment or understanding.
Grammar Logic: The indeclinable "yatha" commands the meaning according to one's taste, interest, or preference.
Grammar Logic: The prefix "yatha" combining with "kram" (order) signifies sequentially or in systematic order.
Grammar Logic: The prefix "yatha" denotes conformity to rules, laws, or ritual procedures.
A compound where the second element is dominant and the relationship between the two elements is governed by an elided case-marker (vibhakti) from Accusative through Locative.
Grammar Logic: The second element "chumbi" (kissing/touching) is dominant, and the accusative marker "ko" (the sky) is elided.
Grammar Logic: The noun "chor" (stealer) is the head element, and the accusative postposition "ko" (butter) is elided.
Chidimar (Chidiyon ko maarne wala)
Grammar Logic: The suffixal head "maar" (catcher/hunter) is dominant, with the elision of the accusative marker "ko".
Grammar Logic: The agent "katra" (picker/slasher) is primary, with elision of the accusative relation "ko" (pocket).
Grammar Logic: The head noun "chalak" (driver) governs the compound, eliding the accusative marker "ko" (chariot).
Grammar Logic: The participle "praapt" (obtained) is head, eliding the accusative case-marker "ko" (fame).
A compound in which the second element is the head, and the relation between the elements is either that of an adjective to a noun, or an object to a standard of comparison.
Grammar Logic: The first word "neel" (blue) is an adjective describing the attribute of the head noun "kamal" (lotus).
Grammar Logic: The adjective "maha" (great) modifies the head noun "aatma" (soul), signifying a noble or exalted soul.
Peetambar (Peela hai jo ambar)
Grammar Logic: The word "peet" (yellow) describes the noun "ambar" (garment); when referring directly to yellow clothing, it is Karmadharaya.
Shwetambar (Shwet hai jo ambar)
Grammar Logic: The adjective "shwet" (white) qualifies the noun "ambar" (cloth), denoting a white attire.
Grammar Logic: The adjective "neel" (blue) describes the expanse of the head noun "gagan" (sky).
Grammar Logic: The word "neel" (blue/slate-colored) qualifies the wild bovine noun "gaay", forming a descriptive compound.
A compound where the first element is a numeral adjective and the entire compound denotes a collection, group, or aggregate (samahar) of items.
Grammar Logic: The first element "do" (two) is a numeral adjective denoting the collective midpoint of the day (two praharas).
Doraha (Do raahon ka samahar)
Grammar Logic: The numeral "do" (two) defines an aggregate junction where two paths diverge.
Dupatta (Do paaton ka samahar)
Grammar Logic: The numeral prefix "du-" (two) combined with "patta" (widths of cloth) denotes a traditional two-breadth scarf.
Dunaali (Do naalon ka samahar)
Grammar Logic: The prefix "du-" (two) specifies a weapon having a pair of barrels (double-barreled gun).
Dumanzila (Do manzilon ka samahar)
Grammar Logic: The numeral "du-" (two) modifies storeys, denoting a two-storeyed building.
Dvipad (Do padon ka samahar)
Grammar Logic: The numeral "dvi" (two) denotes an aggregate entity with two feet or two poetic verses (biped/couplet).
A coordinative compound in which both constituent words have equal grammatical weight and importance, connected in expansion by conjunctive particles such as "and" (aur) or "or" (yaa).
Grammar Logic: Both constituent words have equal grammatical dominance and are joined by the conjunction "and" during expansion.
Grammar Logic: Both elements represent independent familial relations joined by the coordinate conjunction "and".
Grammar Logic: Both divine names are coordinate heads of equal standing connected by the conjunction "and".
Grammar Logic: Both divine names are equally dominant components joined coordinately by "and".
Gaurishankar (Gauri aur Shankar)
Grammar Logic: Both terms designate divine entities holding equal grammatical rank, conjoined by "and".
Grammar Logic: Both vital necessities of life (food and water) hold equal prominence and are joined by "and".
An exocentric compound in which neither constituent element is head; instead, the entire compound functions as an attributive epithet denoting a third external entity.
Chandrashekhar (Chandra hai Shikhar par jiske arthat Shiva)
Grammar Logic: The compound attributively describes Lord Shiva as the deity who bears the crescent moon upon His head.
Neelkanth (Neela hai Kanth jiska arthat Shiva)
Grammar Logic: Referring to Lord Shiva who held the cosmic poison in His throat during the churning of the ocean, turning it blue.
Trilochan (Teen hain Lochan jiske arthat Shiva)
Grammar Logic: Though "tri" is a numeral, the compound does not indicate an aggregate but acts as an epithet for three-eyed Lord Shiva.
Trinetra (Teen hain Netra jiske arthat Shiva)
Grammar Logic: Both elements jointly describe the third entity Lord Shiva as the possessor of three eyes.
Gangadhar (Ganga ko dharan karne wale arthat Shiva)
Grammar Logic: An epithet of Lord Shiva who caught and held the cascading heavenly Ganges in His matted hair locks.
Shoolpani (Shool hai Paani mein jiske arthat Shiva)
Grammar Logic: Attributively describes Lord Shiva as the supreme ascetic holding the trident in His hand.
'समास' शब्द दो शब्दों के योग से बना है — सम् (भली-भांति/पास) + आस (बैठना या जोड़ना)। इसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है संक्षिप्त करना। जब दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के बीच की कारक विभक्तियों, योजकों या संबंधसूचक शब्दों को हटाकर एक स्वतंत्र नया शब्द गढ़ा जाता है, तो उस संक्षिप्त पद को समस्त पद (सामासिक शब्द) तथा इस प्रक्रिया को समास कहते हैं।
समास के नियमों से निर्मित नवीन शब्द को समस्त पद कहते हैं। समस्त पद में दो पद होते हैं: पहले पद को पूर्व पद और दूसरे पद को उत्तर पद कहा जाता है। (उदा: 'राजपुत्र' में 'राज' पूर्व पद और 'पुत्र' उत्तर पद है)।
सामासिक शब्दों के बीच के संबंध को स्पष्ट करते हुए उन्हें पुनः अलग-अलग करके लिखने की रीति को समास विग्रह कहते हैं। (उदा: 'राजपुत्र' का विग्रह है = 'राजा का पुत्र'; 'चौराहा' का विग्रह = 'चार राहों का समाहार')।
प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में सबसे अधिक प्रश्न पद प्रधानता से पूछे जाते हैं:
दो या दो से अधिक सार्थक शब्दों के परस्पर मेल से एक नया सार्थक संक्षिप्त शब्द बनाने की प्रक्रिया को 'समास' कहते हैं। समास का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है — 'संक्षेप' या 'संक्षिप्तिकरण'। जैसे: 'राजा का पुत्र' से संक्षिप्त होकर 'राजपुत्र' बनता है।
संधि में दो 'वर्णों' (ध्वनियों) का मेल होता है और ध्वनि विकार उत्पन्न होता है (जैसे: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय)। इसके विपरीत, समास में दो 'पदों' (सार्थक शब्दों) का मेल होता है और बीच की कारक विभक्तियों या योजकों का लोप होता है (जैसे: रसोई के लिए घर = रसोईघर)। संधि को तोड़ना 'विच्छेद' कहलाता है, जबकि समास को अलग करना 'विग्रह' कहलाता है।
हिंदी व्याकरण (NCERT एवं मानक व्याकरण) में समास के 6 मुख्य भेद माने गए हैं: 1. अव्ययीभाव समास, 2. तत्पुरुष समास, 3. कर्मधारय समास, 4. द्विगु समास, 5. द्वंद्व समास, एवं 6. बहुव्रीहि समास।
पद प्रधानता के आधार पर: 1. पूर्व पद प्रधान = अव्ययीभाव समास, 2. उत्तर पद प्रधान = तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय एवं द्विगु समास, 3. दोनों पद प्रधान = द्वंद्व समास, 4. दोनों पद अप्रधान (अन्य पद प्रधान) = बहुव्रीहि समास।